Topicwise Question Answers-Chapter-Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution-Class-9-Social Science
Q1. Who were liberals? What were their political and social views?
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What were the views of liberals about the transformation of society in the 18th century?
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What were the views of liberals about the transformation of society in the 18th century?
Ans. Views of liberals over society in 18 century:-
1. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religious.
2. They also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
3. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
4. However, they were not democrates.
5. They did not believe in Universal adult franchise, they felt man who own property mainly should have the right to vote.
6. They also did not want the vote for women.
1. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religious.
2. They also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
3. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
4. However, they were not democrates.
5. They did not believe in Universal adult franchise, they felt man who own property mainly should have the right to vote.
6. They also did not want the vote for women.
Q2. What social changes can be seen in society after industrialisation?
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What was the impact of Industrial society on the social life of the people after industrialisation?
Ans. Following changes were seen in society:-
1. The industrialization brought men, women and children to factories.
2. Working hours were often long and wages were poor.
3. Unemployment was common, particularly during times of low demand of industrial goods.
4. Housing and sanitation problems were growing rapidly.
5. Almost all industries were properties of individuals.
6. Liberals and Radicals searched for solution for these issues.
7. When new cities came up and new industrial regions developed, Railways expanded and the industrial revolution happened.
Q3. Mention five features of socialism.
Answer:
1. Socialists were against private property.
2. Under socialism, the means of production are under the control of the government.
3. Socialists regarded the private property as the root cause of all social evils.
4. Socialism encourages cooperatives.
Q4. Explain the views of different socialists and philosophers regarding the vision of the future or to transform the society.
Answer:
1. Robert Owen, a leading English manufacturer and a socialist sought to build a cooperative community called the New Harmony, in Indiana (USA).
2. Louis Blanc of France wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace the capitalists.
3. Karl Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society, where all the properties were socially controlled.
4. Friedrich Engels was also against capitalism.
Q 5. Who ruled Russia in 1914? How did he manage his empire? Explain.
Answer:
Tsar Nicholas II was ruling over Russia, during the revolution.
1. He was an autocrat.
2. Though he created ‘Duma’ after the Revolution, but never cared for it.
3. He was carrying the war against the wishes of the people.
4. He worked under a monk called Rasputin.
Q6. Mention any four features of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Describe the economic condition of Russia before 1905.
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Describe the economic condition of Russia before 1905.
Answer:
1. The vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the Russian empire’s population earned their living from agriculture.
2. Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow.
3. Many factories were set up in the 1890s, when Russia’s railway network was extended, and foreign investment in industry increased.
4. Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.
5. In the countiyside, peasants cultivated most of the land. But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties.
Q7. Explain the economic condition of the workers before the Russian Revolution.
1. The vast majority of Russia’s people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the Russian empire’s population earned their living from agriculture.
2. Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow.
3. Many factories were set up in the 1890s, when Russia’s railway network was extended, and foreign investment in industry increased.
4. Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.
5. In the countiyside, peasants cultivated most of the land. But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties.
Q7. Explain the economic condition of the workers before the Russian Revolution.
Answer:
1. Most of the industries were the private property of the industrialists.
2. Most of the workers were working for about 10 to 12 hours a day.
3. They were paid very low wages.
4. The working conditions were also very poor.
5. Women workers made up about 31% of the factory labour, but they were paid less than men.
1. Most of the industries were the private property of the industrialists.
2. Most of the workers were working for about 10 to 12 hours a day.
3. They were paid very low wages.
4. The working conditions were also very poor.
5. Women workers made up about 31% of the factory labour, but they were paid less than men.
Q.8. What was the difference between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?
Ans. Bolsheviks:-
1. Meant a member of the majority.
2. Believed in a highly centralised party of professional revolutionaries.
3. Not willing to work with middle class for their Revolutionary aims.
4. Drew less public attention than mensheviks.
5. They scorned other ideologies.
6. They believe that Russia could directly go from an absolute monarcy to a communist society.
Mensheviks:-
1. Meant a member of the minority.
2. Believed in a more democratic party structure that allowed disagreements.
3. Willing to work with middle class for their Revolutionary ends.
4. Drew more public support because of their inclusive ideas.
5. Inclusive in their approach to other political parties.
6. They believed in going ahead step by step to make the country communist.
1. Meant a member of the majority.
2. Believed in a highly centralised party of professional revolutionaries.
3. Not willing to work with middle class for their Revolutionary aims.
4. Drew less public attention than mensheviks.
5. They scorned other ideologies.
6. They believe that Russia could directly go from an absolute monarcy to a communist society.
Mensheviks:-
1. Meant a member of the minority.
2. Believed in a more democratic party structure that allowed disagreements.
3. Willing to work with middle class for their Revolutionary ends.
4. Drew more public support because of their inclusive ideas.
5. Inclusive in their approach to other political parties.
6. They believed in going ahead step by step to make the country communist.
Q9. Describe the events that led to 1905 Revolution of Russia.
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Write A note on the Bloody Sunday incident.
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Which incident came to be known as Bloody Sunday? What were its consequences?
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Write A note on the Bloody Sunday incident.
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Which incident came to be known as Bloody Sunday? What were its consequences?
Answer:
1. The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that the real wages declined by 20%.
2. When four members of the Assembly of Russian workers were dismissed, the workers became agitated.
3. In January 1905, a large number of peaceful workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar.
4. The workers were attacked by the police. Over 100 workers were killed, and about 300 wounded. Since the incident took place on Sunday, it is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday
5. Consequences:
1. The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that the real wages declined by 20%.
2. When four members of the Assembly of Russian workers were dismissed, the workers became agitated.
3. In January 1905, a large number of peaceful workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar.
4. The workers were attacked by the police. Over 100 workers were killed, and about 300 wounded. Since the incident took place on Sunday, it is known as the ‘Bloody Sunday
5. Consequences:
Tsar under pressure from the masses was forced to announce his manifesto which led to the formation of Duma.
Q 10. Explain the major events that were responsible for the Russian Revolution of 1905.
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Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905?
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Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905?
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What were the demands of the revolutionaries?
What were the demands of the revolutionaries?
Answer:
1. Autocratic Rule:
1. Autocratic Rule:
Russia was under the autocratic rule of the Tsars. The Tsar Nicholas II was an inefficient and corrupt ruler.
2. Role of Liberals and Socialists:
2. Role of Liberals and Socialists:
Both Liberals and Socialists were against the dynastic rule. They worked with peasants and workers to demand a constitution. They were being supported by Jadidists.
3. Strike of the Workers:
3. Strike of the Workers:
The year 1904 was a bad year for the Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20%. So there was a strike by the workers. They demanded reduction in working hours, an increase in wages and improvement in the working conditions.
4. Bloody Sunday :
4. Bloody Sunday :
The incident of Bloody Sunday in which more than 100 workers were killed became the turning point. It led to an all Russia strike. Lawyers, doctors, engineers and others demanded constituent assembly.
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Q11. How did Russia’s participation in the World War cause the fall of the Tsar ?
Answer:
(a) The war was initially popular, and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II.
(b) As the war continued, support became thin and Tsar’s popularity declined. Anti-German sentiments became high.
(c) The Tsarina Alexandra’s German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.
(d) Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia’s armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917.
(e) The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
(a) The war was initially popular, and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II.
(b) As the war continued, support became thin and Tsar’s popularity declined. Anti-German sentiments became high.
(c) The Tsarina Alexandra’s German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.
(d) Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia’s armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917.
(e) The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
Q12. What was Lenin’s ’April Theses’?
Answer:
In 1917, Lenin declared that
1. The war be brought to an end,
2. Land be transferred to the peasants,
3. Banks be nationalized.
These three demands were Lenin’s ‘April Theses’.
In 1917, Lenin declared that
1. The war be brought to an end,
2. Land be transferred to the peasants,
3. Banks be nationalized.
These three demands were Lenin’s ‘April Theses’.
Q13. Explain any three reasons which led to civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army of non-Bolsheviks.
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What conditions led to the Russian Civil War in 1918 – 1920? Give any four points.
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What conditions led to the Russian Civil War in 1918 – 1920? Give any four points.
Answer:
1. Impact of Land Redistribution Policy on Soldiers: When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up. Soldiers, mostly peasants, wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted.
2. Opposition from Greens and Whites: Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the reds).’ During 1918 and 1919, the greens (Socialist Revolutionaries) and whites (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.
3. Outside Forces: The Greens and Whites were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops. All these forces were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia.
4. Use of Force: In many parts, Bolshevik colonists brutally massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism. In this situation, many were confused about what the Bolshevik government represented.
1. Impact of Land Redistribution Policy on Soldiers: When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up. Soldiers, mostly peasants, wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted.
2. Opposition from Greens and Whites: Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the reds).’ During 1918 and 1919, the greens (Socialist Revolutionaries) and whites (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.
3. Outside Forces: The Greens and Whites were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops. All these forces were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia.
4. Use of Force: In many parts, Bolshevik colonists brutally massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism. In this situation, many were confused about what the Bolshevik government represented.
Q14. Explain the collectivisation policy of Stalin.
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What were the major changes Introduced in agriculture by Stalin? Explain.
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What were the major changes Introduced in agriculture by Stalin? Explain.
Answer:
1. The collectivisation policy was introduced by Stalin who came to power after the death of Lenin.
2. The main reason was the shortage of grain supplies.
3. It was argued that grain shortage was partly due to the small size of the holding.
4. After 1917, the land had been given over to peasants. These small-sized peasant farms could not be modernised. To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery, it was necessary to eliminate ‘kulaks’, take away land from peasants, and establish state-controlled large farms.
5. From 1929, the government forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz). The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared.
6. Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.
7. In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. In fact, the bad harvest of 1930-1933 led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million died.
1. The collectivisation policy was introduced by Stalin who came to power after the death of Lenin.
2. The main reason was the shortage of grain supplies.
3. It was argued that grain shortage was partly due to the small size of the holding.
4. After 1917, the land had been given over to peasants. These small-sized peasant farms could not be modernised. To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery, it was necessary to eliminate ‘kulaks’, take away land from peasants, and establish state-controlled large farms.
5. From 1929, the government forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz). The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared.
6. Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.
7. In spite of collectivisation, production did not increase immediately. In fact, the bad harvest of 1930-1933 led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million died.
Q15. Highlight any five changes brought by Lenin in Russia after October Revolution of 1917.
Answer:
Role of Lenin in post 1917 Russian Revolution :
1. A conflict between the provisional government and the Bolshevik grew in September, 1917. Lenin started planning an uprising against the government and began to organize his supporters from any secrets and factories.
2. A military revolutionary committee under Lenin Trotski planned to seize power.
3. Uprising began on 4th October, 1917. The Prime Minister Karenski, with government troops tried to subdue the Bolshevik but failed.
4. Under the guidance of Lenin, the military Revolutionary committee responded quickly and by nightfall the city was under the committee’s control.
5. At a meeting all Russian Congress of Soviet in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action. Russian Revolution brought Russia under communist control.
Role of Lenin in post 1917 Russian Revolution :
1. A conflict between the provisional government and the Bolshevik grew in September, 1917. Lenin started planning an uprising against the government and began to organize his supporters from any secrets and factories.
2. A military revolutionary committee under Lenin Trotski planned to seize power.
3. Uprising began on 4th October, 1917. The Prime Minister Karenski, with government troops tried to subdue the Bolshevik but failed.
4. Under the guidance of Lenin, the military Revolutionary committee responded quickly and by nightfall the city was under the committee’s control.
5. At a meeting all Russian Congress of Soviet in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action. Russian Revolution brought Russia under communist control.
Q16. What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution?
Answer:
Main causes were:
Main causes were:
1. Autocratic rule of Tsars:
In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. He fought a number of wars to expand his empire in the north and west in Europe. He had borne the expenditure of war by taxing the common people of Russia.
2. Conditions of peasants:
Majority of the Russians were agriculturalists. Major part of the land was owned by nobles and clergy and these peasants worked as farmers on daily wages. They were paid less and worked more and sometimes under debt, they were not even paid wages.
3. Status of industries:
3. Status of industries:
Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside crafts workshops. Foreign investment in industries increased with the extension of Russia’s railway network.
4. Conditions of workers in the industries:
4. Conditions of workers in the industries:
Most industries were owned by private industrialists. Though the government supervised factories’ working hours and wages of the workers, but still rules were broken. Women workers were also paid less than men. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment and financial hardships. ,
5. Formation of socialist parties:
5. Formation of socialist parties:
All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists, who respected Marxist ideas. But because of government policies, it had to operate secretly as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes.
Q17. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer:
Many changes were brought about by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. They were:
1. Industries and banks were nationalized. This meant that the government now had their ownership and management. The land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility. In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
2. The use of the old titles of the aristocracy was banned. New uniforms for the army and officials were designed.
3. The Bolshevik Party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).
4. Despite opposition by their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany and withdrew from the First World War.
5. In the later years, the Bolsheviks became the only party to participate in the elections to the All Russian Congress of Soviets. It became the Parliament of Russia.
Q18: Write a few lines to show what you know about:
(i) Kulaks
Answer: (i) Kulaks: They were the well-to-do peasants who were supposed to be holding stocks in the hope of higher prices. They were raided so that they may be eliminated in order to develop modern farms and establish state-controlled large farms.
(ii) The Duma
Answer: (ii) The Duma: The Duma was a consultative parliament that was created on the permission of the Tsar during the 1905 Revolution.
(iii) Women workers between 1900 and 1930.
Answer: (iii) Women workers between 1900 and 1930: Women made up 31% of the factory labour force, but were paid between 1/2 and 3/4 of a man’s wages. They actively led the strikes in many factories. They even worked on collective farms.
(iv) The Liberals.
Answer: (iv) The Liberals: They were a group which looked to change society. They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions and opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary independent of rulers and officials.
(v) Stalin’s collectivization program.
Answer: (v) Stalin’s collectivization program: Stalin hoped to solve the problem of food shortage by combining small farms with large and modern farms. This was collectivization programme that began in 1929. Peasants were forced to work in these state-controlled collective farms called Kolkhoz.
Q19. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer:
1. Anti-German sentiments in Russia were high owing to the First World War.
2. Tsarina Alexandra’s German origin and poor advisors made the autocracy unpopular.
3. Food shortage led to people rioting for food. The Russian army too shifted its loyalty and began supporting the revolutionaries.
4. A lockout took place at a factory on the right bank of Neva river in sympathy with the workers on the left bank on 22nd February.
5. Women-led the way to strikes. The government imposed a curfew. Later the government suspended the Duma which resulted in sharp protests.
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* Chapter 1- The French Revolution
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