Nationalism in India - Class 10 Social Science Topicwise Question Answer
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QUESTION ANSWERS
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Q1. What does ‘Idea of Satyagraha’ mean?
Ans.
1. The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.
2. According to Gandhiji, if your cause is just and true, you are bound to succeed in the end without resorting to violent means.
3. He believed that this dharma of non violence could unite all Indians.
Q2. Name the famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi.
Ans.
Mahatma Gandhi wrote ‘Hind Swaraj’ in 1909.
Q3. Who started the Khilafat movement?
Ans.
Two young brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat movement.
Q4. Why is the growth of Nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti colonial movement?
Ans.
1. Nationalism is a strong feeling of oneness which the people feel when they live under the same political, social and economic system.
2. This is because of the fact that colonial power exploited the people of their colonies let to poverty and miseries. So people decided to throw off the foreign rulers.
3. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
4. Each class and group felt the effect of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied and their nations of freedom were not always the same.
5. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to force these groups together within one united movement.
Q5. How did the first world war help in the growth of the National movement in India?
or
Which economic and Political situation created during the first world war?
Ans. The First World war (1914-1918) was a great event in world history. It created many problems for the Indians, especially in the economic field.
1. The first world war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure.
2. The British government increased the taxes and custom duties.
3. The British government introduced the income tax.
4. The prices of almost every article increased which caused many economic hardships to the common people.
5. The forced recruitment from the rural area caused widespread anger among the people.
6. Food shortage, epidemic and famine created recruitment among people.
Q6. Explain the Satyagraha launched by Gandhiji after arriving in India.
or
Discuss in brief the contribution of Mahatma Gandhi in the national movement from 1915 to 1918.
Ans.
1. 1916 (Champaran – Bihar) struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
2. 1917 (Gujarat – Kheda) supported the peasants affected by crop failure and plague epidemic and the peasants of Kheda could not pay the taxes.
3. 1918 (Ahmedabad) organised Satyagraha in favour of cotton mill workers.
Q7. Why were the Indians outraged by the Rowlatt act?
or
What was the Rowlatt act? What was the reaction of people against the Rowlatt act?
Ans.
1. The Rowlatt Act gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activists and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
2. This act give an extraordinary power to the government to arrest anybody without giving any reason. There was no scope of appeal in any court.
3. Reallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshop and offices work closed down.
4. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was banned from entering Delhi.
5. In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch nationwide Satyagraha against the act.
6. The Jalianwala Bagh tragedy was the direct result of the Rowlatt act of 1919.
Q8. What do you know about the incident at Jallianwala Bagh? Write in detail.
Ans.
1.On 13th April 1919, people gathered at jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against their leaders and Rowlatt act.
2. The peaceful gathering consisted of men, women and children. The bagh was covered on all sides by a high wall and it had only one small gate to exit.
3.A British officer named General Dyer entered the Bagh with the intention of disrupting the meeting.
4. He blocked the only exit point and ordered his soldiers to open fire on the people.
5. Hundreds of innocent people were killed in this massacre.
Q9. What happened after the Jallianwala Bagh incident?
or
Explain the impact of the Jallianwala Bagh incident on the people?
Ans. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a great impact on the people:
1. As the news of the incident spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns.
2. There were strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings.
3. The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to terrorise people.
4. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salute to all sahibs.
5. People wear thrashed and villages were Bombed.
Q10. What were the causes for launching khilafat movement in India?
Ans.
1. The first world war ended with the defeat of Ottoman Empire of Turkey.
2. There was the rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to imposed on the Ottoman emperor.
3. To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
4. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the Ali brothers Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali begin discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of United mass action on the issue.
5. Gandhiji saw this an opportunity to bring Muslim under the umbrella of a unified moment called khilafat and non cooperation movement.
Q11. Explain explain the idea of Gandhiji as he expressed in the famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’ regarding non cooperation movement.
Or
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to go for non cooperation movement?
Ans.
1. In his famous book Hind Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi gave reason for the success of British rule in India.
2. In his views, the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indian and had survived only because of their corporation.
3. If Indians refuse to corporate, the British rule would collapse within a year and Swaraj would come.
Q12. How the non cooperation movement was unfolded? Mention the three main proposals regarding non cooperation movement as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi.
or
What were the proposed stages of non cooperation movement according to Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.
Ans.
1. It should begin with this surrender’s of title that government awarded.
2. There should be boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative council, schools and foreign clothes.
3. In case government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
Q13. How the non cooperation movement started in towns and cities? Explain also its economic effects.
or
How did non cooperation movement start with participation of middle class people in cities? Explain its impact on the economic front.
Ans.
Non cooperation movement started:
1. The non cooperation movement started with middle class participation in the cities.
2. Thousands of students left government control schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned.
3. Lawyers gave up their legal practices.
4. The council elections were by boycotted in most of the provinces except in Madras.
Economic effects of non cooperation:
1. Foreign goods were boycotted, liqour shops were picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.
2. The import of foreign cloth dropped from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore.
3. In many regions merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods.
4. People started discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian once, as a result of this the production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
Q14. Why did the non cooperation movement slow down in cities.
Ans.
1. The mill made foreign cloth was cheaper and refined as compared to khadi cloth which was rough and quite costly.
2. The poor people could not afford to buy it.
3. There was no alternative Indian institution which replaces the British once,.
4. So students and teachers begin trickling up back to government schools and colleges.
5. Likewise other professionals like lawyers joined government courts, clerks their offices etc.
Q15. How did the non cooperation movement spread in the countryside?
or
What do you know about the peasant movement in Awadh?
Ans.
The non cooperation movement also spread in the countryside. The peasants and tribals had to face a lot of troubles because of foreign rule and their powerful administrative set up.
When the non cooperation movement was started in January 1921 they did not lag behind and took part in it.
1. In Awadh peasants started movement against talukdars and landlords who demanded extraordinary high rent.
2. Peasants had to do begar and work in the farms of the landlords.
3. As tenants, they had no security of tenure. They were throwing out regularly so that they could not acquire right over the leased land.
4. The peasant movement demanded reduction in revenue, eabolition of begar.
5. In many places nai- dhobi bandhs organised to deprive landlords of the service.
Q16. Describe the rise of peasant’s agitation under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in Awadh.
Ans.
1. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers and trying to understand their grievances.
2. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up.
3. It was headed by Jawahar Lal Nehru, Baba Ramachandra and few others.
4. Within a month over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.
5. When the non cooperation movement began the following years, the effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.
Q17. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas.
Ans.
1. Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader who encourage the hill people to fight against the injustice done to them by the British government.
2. He talked about the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.
3. The colonial government had prevented the tribals from entering forest to graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits.
4. They were also forced to render free service for road building.
5. At such condition, they were needed a leader who could help them. This gap was filled by Alluri Sitaram Raju.
Q18. Describe the movement of peasants in Andhra Pradesh.
Ans.
1. Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader who encourage the hill people to fight against the injustice done to them by the British government.
2. Raju was highly inspired by non cooperation movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
3. But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated by the use of force and not by the policy of non violence.
4. Raju was captured for his Guerilla warfare and executive in 1924.
5. He gave up his life for the sake of his people who regarded him a great Hero.
Q19. What was Inland Emigration act of 1859? How plantation workers of Assam reacted to non cooperation call or how they saw the Swaraj?
Ans.
A) Inland Emigration Act:
Under the act plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.
B) Saw the Swaraj:
1. When they heard of the non cooperation movement, thousands of workers openly disobey the authorities, left the plantation and headed home.
2. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in there own villages.
3. They had taken part in this agitation with hope that they would get the right to move freely in and outside the confined space of the plantation.
4. They however, never reached their destination.
Q20. Why did Gandhiji called of or withdrawal of the non cooperation movement?
Answer:
1. Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to various incidents of violence perpetrated by the masses.
2. Due to Chauri Chaura incident where 22 policemen were burnt alive.
3. Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the movement.
4. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and Satyagrahis needed to be trained properly for mass movement.
5. Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and now they wanted to participate in elections.
Q21. Who was Simon? Why was Simon commission sent to India? Why it was boycotted by Indians?
Answer:
1. Sir John Simon was the head of these statutory commission set up by Tory government in Britain. The commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
2. It was boycotted by Indian because the commission did not have any Indian as its members.
3. All members were the British.
4. This commission did not contain any hope of ‘Swaraj’ for the Indians.
5. So when this commission arrived in 1928 in India, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’.
6. Congress, Muslim league and all other political parties opposed to the Simon commission.
Q22. What was the importance of Lahore session of the Congress or what resolution was passed in congress session of Lahore in December 1929.
Answer:
1. Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Lahore Congress Session started. The situation then in India was very tense because of the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.
2. The Congress declared the attainment of complete independence as its goal. India must atained Purna Swaraj
3. It was also decided by another resolution that Congress should launch a civil disobedience movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
4. It was also decided to observe 26th January as the independence day all over the country year after year.
5. Accordingly 26th, January 1930 was celebrated as the first independence day all over the country.
Q23. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
or
Explain in detail the course of Salt March.
Ans.
1. In his letter to Viceroy on 31st January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi stated the following two types of demands:
A) Demands of general interest
B) Specific demands of different classes from industrialist to peasants.
2. In doing so his main Idea was to link all classes of the Indian society with the national movement.
3. The most exciting demand was to abolished the salt tax because it was consumed by both rich and poor. The Tax on salt and the government Monopoly was seen as an oppressive act of the government.
4. As the British government did not accept his demands by the specific date (11th March 1931) he launched his civil disobedience movement with his famous Dandi March.
5. He started his March with his 78 trusted volunteers over 240 miles from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi.
6. Thousands of people came daily to hear Mahatma Gandhi who told them to the meaning of Swaraj and argue them peacefully defy the British.
7. On 6th April, 1931 he reached Dandi and manufactured salt by boiling the sea water. This marked by the beginning of civil disobedience movement.
Q24. What action did the British government take after the famous Dandi March?
Or
Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call of the civil disobedience movement in 1931?
Ans.
1. Worried by the developments, the colonial government begin arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
2. This lead to violent clashes in many places.
3. Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested in Peshawar in 1930. The angry cross demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. Many were killed in the police firing.
4. A month later, Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested. After his arrest in Solapur industrial workers attacked police post, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations.
5. A frightened and government responded with a policy of brutal suppression.
6. At such a junction, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call of this moment to avoid bloodshed.
Q25. In what ways the civil disobedience movement different from the non cooperation movement?
Ans.
1. The non cooperation movement was launched between 1920-1922 while the civil disobedience movement launched between 1930-1934.
2. The non cooperation movement was launched against Jallianwala Bagh tragedy but the civil disobedience movement was launched against the arrival of the Simon commission.
3. The non cooperation movement was started with the aim to attain Swaraj and the civil disobedience movement was started to attain complete independence or Purna Swaraj.
4. During the non cooperation movement people understood the meaning of Swaraj differently but the civil disobedience movement was quite wide in its scale and it was full fledged mass movement.
5. Non cooperation movement was withdrawn by Gandhiji after the incidence of Chauri Chaura but the civil disobedience movement itself died out in 1934.
Q26. What was Gandhi Irwin pact?
or
It was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and then viceroy of India lord Irwin on 5March, 1931.
Ans.
Silent features of this act were the following:
1. Discontinuation of the civil disobedience movement by the Indian National Congress.
2. Participation by the Indian National Congress in the second round table conference.
3. Withdrawal of all ordinances issued by the British government imposing curbs on the activities of the Indian National Congress.
4. Withdrawal of all prosecutions relating to several types of offences except those involving violence.
5. Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the civil disobedience movement.
6. Removal of the Tax on salt, which allowed the Indians to produce, trade and sell salt legally and for their own private use.
Q27. Under what circumstances the civil disobedience or the salt movement was launched? Explain.
or
Describe the main events leading to Salt March and civil disobedience movement in 1930.
Answer:
1) Failure of the Simon commission: The Simon commission fail to satisfy the Indian people and the leaders. All the parties participated in the demonstrations.
2) Purn Swaraj in December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘ Purna Swaraj’ or full independence.
3). Rejection of Gandhiji’s 11 demands: On 31st January, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi in a statement, put forward 11 demands to correct the wrongs done to Indians but British government denied all the demands.
4). Economic causes:- The great depression of 1929 had a deep impact on the Indian economy especially on agriculture.
Q28. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and industrialist towards civil disobedience movement.
Ans. The industrialist and the merchants also took part in the civil disobedience movement because of the following reasons:
1. They felt that the colonial policies of the government restricted their business activities.
2. They wanted protection against the import of foreign goods.
3. Most businessman came to the view that Swaraj would bring such a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist.
4. Several industrialist like G. D. Birla with the above attention help the nationalist leaders like Mahatma Gandhi in the National movement.
5. They give financial help and refuse to buy or sell imported goods.
6. To organize business interest they formed Indian industrial and commercial Congress in 1920 and FICCI in 1927.
Q29. “The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its program of struggle” Analyze the reasons.
Ans.
1.The industrial working class did not participate in the civil disobedience movement in large numbers except in the Nagpur region.
2. This was because industrialist were supporting the moment.
3. Congress was reluctant to include workers demand as part of the movement.
4. Demands of workers
a) They demanded higher wages.
b) They demanded proper working conditions.
Q30. Assess the role of women in the civil disobedience movement.
Or
How did the women participate in civil disobedience movement? Explain.
Answer:
1. During the salt march thousands of women came out of their homes to participate in protest marches, boycott of foreign clothes and liquor shops.
2. Many women even went to jail.
3. In urban areas women came from high cast families.
4. In rural areas women came from rich peasant households.
5. Women were moved by Gandhiji call to see the service to the nation as secure duty of women.
So they responded by giving their wholehearted participation.
Q31. Various classes and groups of Indians participated in the civil disobedience movement for different reasons. Choose any four classes and explain their reason to participate in the movement.
Answer:
Following are the contribution of various social groups in the civil disobedience movement:
1. Rich peasants:
Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As the government refused to reduce revenue demands, they in great number participated in the boycott programs.
2. Women:
The women participated in protest march, manufactured salt and picketed foreign clothes and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
3. Business class:
A large number of merchants and industrialist supported this movement. They reacted against colonial policies that restricted their business activities.
4. The industrial working class:
The industrial working class did not participated in the civil disobedience movement in large numbers except Nagpur.
Q32. What are the limitations of civil disobedience movement? Explain.
Or
Explain limitations of civil disobedience movement of 1930.
Ans.
1. The participation of Depressed Classes was limited in the civil disobedience movement because the Congress had ignore depressed classes for fear of offending the conservative high cast Hindus.
2. From the mid 1920s the Congress came to be more visibly associated with opening Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
3. Muslim started keeping away from it.
4. Mohammed Ali Jinnah the leader of the Muslim league demanded separate electorates for the Muslims.
5. He fear that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of a Hindu majority.
6. The industrial working classes did not participate in the civil disobedience movement in large number.
Q33. “Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.” Explain.
Or
How did the idea of nationalism develop a movement to revive Indian folklore? Give reasons.
Or
Explain the contributions of folklore, folk songs and paintings in strengthening nationalism.
Ans.
1. History and fictions, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism.
2. In the late 19th century, India nationalist begin recording folktales, sung by the bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
3. This was done to promote the traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by the Western forces.
4. To revive the folklore Rabindranath Tagore himself collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths and led to the movement for the folk revival.
5. A massive four volume collection of Tamil folktales, the folklore of Southern India was published by Natesa Shastri.
Q33. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation. Justify the statement.
or
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of Nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Or
How did people belonging to different communities, Regions and languages groups developed the sense of collective belonging in India during the freedom struggle? Explain.
Ans.
1. United struggle:
The most important factor responsible for arousing the sense of nationalism among the Indians was the United struggle against the British.
2. Cultural processes:
There were also variety of culture processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism.
3. Bharat Mata:
The Identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata which was created in 1870 by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay who wrote Vande Mataram.
4. Revival of Indian Folklore:
The idea of nationalism was also developed by reviving the Indian folklore that had been corrupted and damaged by western forces.
5. Reinterpretation of history:
By the end of the 19th century many Indians begin feeling that to instill sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently.
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