NCERT SOLTIONS:The Making of the National Movement1870s-1947

NCERT SOLTIONS- Chapter-The Making of the National Movement:1870s-1947-Subject Social Science-Class 8

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Let’s Recall

1. Why were people dissatisfied with British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?

• People were dissatisfied because British policies restricted their freedoms and exploited India’s resources.
• Acts like the Arms Act (1878) and the Vernacular Press Act (1878) took away their rights.
• Farmers, workers, and educated Indians were unhappy with high taxes, racial discrimination, and lack of representation in governance.

2. Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

1. • The Congress wanted to speak for all Indians, regardless of their religion, caste, class, or language.
   • It aimed to represent the entire nation.

3. What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

• • The war caused prices to rise, which hurt common people.
  • The British increased taxes and forced Indians to join the army.
  • However, Indian industries grew due to reduced imports, and business groups made huge profits.
  • Prices of goods rose due to increased taxes and military spending.
  • However, Indian industries like textiles and steel grew as imports decreased, and businesses made high profits.
  • This widened the gap between rich and poor.

4. What did the Muslim League resolution of 1940 ask for?

• • The Muslim League resolution demanded independent states for Muslims in areas where they were in the majority.
  • This resolution eventually led to the idea of Pakistan, separating Muslim-majority regions from India.

Let’s Discuss

5. Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

• The Moderates were early Congress leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Surendranath Banerjee.
• They believed in peaceful methods like petitions, speeches, and discussions with British officials.
• Their demands included reducing taxes, Indian representation in councils, and holding civil service exams in India.
• The Moderates believed that appealing to the fairness of British rulers would lead to change.

6. How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

• The Radicals, including leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai, believed in aggressive action for self-rule.
• Unlike the Moderates, who relied on peaceful methods, the Radicals supported mass mobilization, boycotts of British goods, and the Swadeshi movement.
• They emphasized self-reliance and believed in fighting for independence rather than requesting reforms.

7. Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?
The Non-Cooperation Movement included:

• Gujarat: Peasants refused to pay high taxes.
• Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu: People boycotted liquor shops.
• Bengal: People supported the Khilafat movement.
• Punjab: Sikhs participated in the Akali movement to reform gurdwaras.
• Assam: Tea plantation workers demanded better wages.

People saw Gandhiji as a leader who understood their struggles and believed he would bring freedom. Many viewed him as a spiritual guide or “Mahatma.”

8. Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

1. Gandhiji broke the salt law to protest against the unjust British monopoly on salt.
2. Salt was a basic necessity, and taxing it burdened the poor.
3. The Salt March symbolized the broader fight against British control and united Indians across different classes.

9. Discuss those developments of the 1937–47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

• In 1937, the Congress and the Muslim League grew apart when the Congress refused to form a coalition government in some provinces.
• The Muslim League began claiming that Muslims were a separate nation.
• In 1940, the League passed a resolution demanding a separate state for Muslims.
• In 1946, communal tensions increased, and riots like those during Direct Action Day deepened divisions.
• The failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan in 1946 made Partition inevitable, and Pakistan was created in 1947.

Let’s Do

10. Find out how the national movement was organised in your city, district, area, or state. Who participated in it and who led it? What did the movement in your area achieve?
(Students need to research and write about their local area.)

11. Find out more about the life and work of any two participants or leaders of the national movement and write a short essay about them.
(Students can choose leaders like Bhagat Singh, Subhas Chandra Bose, or Sarojini Naidu to research and write about.)

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The Making of the National Movement1870s-1947

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