NCERT Bridge Course-2025--Theme-D-Class 8-Social Science
Theme-D
Topics
1. Trade 2. Role of government in providing Public Facility
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1. Trade
Pedagogical approaches
Field Trip:
Negotiation:
A strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties find acceptable.
Bargaining:
Bargaining means trying to get a better deal by talking about the price or conditions.
How goods are carried from one place to another:
Goods are carried from one place to another using different types of transport. Here are the main ways:
- By land – Using trucks, trains, or carts to carry goods on roads and railways.
- By water – Using ships and boats to carry goods across rivers, seas, and oceans.
- By air – Using airplanes to carry goods quickly over long distances.
- By pipeline – Used to carry liquids like oil or gas from one place to another.
These methods help move products from factories to shops, and from one country to another!
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Trade between Indus Valley Civilisation and Mesopotamian Civilisation:
The Indus Valley Civilization and the Mesopotamian Civilization were two of the world’s earliest civilizations, and they had trade relations with each other around 2500 BCE. People from these civilizations exchanged goods through both land and sea routes.
🌾 Items Traded:
From the Indus Valley to Mesopotamia:
- Cotton textiles
- Beads and jewelry (made of semi-precious stones like carnelian and lapis lazuli)
- Ivory
- Timber (wood)
- Metals like copper and possibly gold
- Pottery
From Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley:
- Woolen textiles
- Silver
- Tin
- Barley and other food grains
- Possibly dates and other agricultural products
Mesopotamians called the Indus region “Meluhha”, and they often mentioned Meluhha in their trade records and inscriptions.
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Check and Download Full PDF:
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How Trade Helps in a Country’s Development (in Simple Language):
- Creates Jobs:
Trade helps open factories, shops, and transport businesses, which gives people work. - Brings in Money:
When a country sells goods to other countries (exports), it earns money that helps grow the economy. - Gives More Choices:
People can buy goods from other countries that are not made in their own country. - Improves Technology and Skills:
Through trade, countries can get better machines, tools, and ideas to improve their industries. - Builds Good Relations:
Trading with other countries helps build friendly relationships and peace between nations.
India Should Only Trade with Its Neighboring Countries
✅ 5 Advantages:
- Lower Transportation Costs:
Trading with nearby countries reduces travel time and fuel costs for goods. - Faster Delivery of Goods:
Since the countries are close, goods can reach faster, improving efficiency. - Stronger Regional Relations:
Trade can improve political and economic ties with neighbors, leading to peace and cooperation. - Shared Culture and Language:
Cultural similarities with neighboring countries can make trade easier and smoother. - Boost to Border Areas:
Trade with nearby countries can help develop border regions through increased business activity.
❌ 5 Disadvantages:
- Limited Variety of Products:
Neighboring countries may not have all the goods India needs, reducing choices. - Smaller Markets:
Many neighboring countries have smaller economies, so trade volume may be limited. - Missed Global Opportunities:
Ignoring trade with countries like the USA, China (if restricted), Germany, or Japan means losing out on high-tech products and investments. - Dependency Risk:
Relying only on neighbors could be risky if political tensions rise or if they face economic problems. - Less Foreign Exchange Earnings:
Global trade with rich and developed nations usually brings in more money, which might reduce if trade is limited to neighbors.
📝 Conclusion:
While regional trade is helpful, depending only on neighboring countries can limit India’s growth, technology access, and global standing. A mix of regional and global trade is the smartest choice.
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