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Q1. What is Globalization?
Answer: Movement of people, goods and services across the Nations has been termed as globalization.
Q2. What were silk routes?
Answer:
1. These were the routes which needed together vast regions of Asia and linked Asia with Europe and northern Africa.
2. These routes are known to have existed since before the Christian era and thrived almost till the 15th century.
Q3. “The pre-modern world shrank greatly in the 16th century”. Why?
Answer:
1. Till the 15th century silk routes were the principle route to travel between Asia and the Europe and Africa.
2. America had not been discovered. Goods and people had to travel long distances for any type of exchanges.
3. Two major events of history in this period of time were as follows:
a) European sailor found a sea route to Asia.
b) European sailors also successfully crossed the Western Ocean to America.
a) European sailor found a sea route to Asia.
b) European sailors also successfully crossed the Western Ocean to America.
4. Because of these two development, movement of goods and people between different continents became shorter
and faster.
Q4. How did human societies interlinked in ancient times? Explain with examples.
Answer:
1. Human societies interlinked in ancient times through many religious and pseudo religious systems.
2. They were linked through culture, politics and language or through other means.
3. From ancient times travellers, traders, priests, pilgrims travel vast distances for knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment.
4. The carried goods, money, value, skills, ideas and even germs and diseases.
Q5. How did the silk routes link the world? Explain with suitable examples.
Or
Explain characteristics of silk routes.
Or
Explain characteristics of silk routes.
Answer:
1. The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between the distant parts of the world.
2. These ancient routes were called the silk routes because along these routes were mainly carried the silk cargoes from
China to different regions of Asia, Europe and northern Africa.
3. This route also carried the Chinese pottery, the Indian spices and textiles.
4. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand.
5. These routes were also used to spread the Buddhism in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.
Q6. How did food habits travel from one place to another in the process of cultural exchange
Or
Give examples of different types of Global exchange which took place before the 17th century choosing one example from Asia and one from America.
Answer:
1. If a person travels from one place to another then he/she interacts with the people of other places.
2. Then they involve in the process of cultural exchange of ideas, thoughts and habits.
3. For example, common food such as potatoes, Soya, groundnuts, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes which are part of
Indian food now, were not known to Indians five centuries ago.
4. These brought to Asia after the discovery of America.
5. The noodles and pasta which are supposed to be of Italian origin were originally brought by the Arabs of Sicily.
Q7. What was the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors?
Or
How did the Global transfer of disease in the pre modern world help in the colonisation of the America?
Or
How did the Global transfer of disease in the pre modern world help in the colonisation of the America?
Answer:
1. The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation America was decisively under way by the mid 16th century.
2. European conquest was not just a result of superior firepower, the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors
was the germs such as those of smallpox and the carried on their person.
3. Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came
from Europe.
4. Smallpox proved a deadly killer, it is killed and decimated whole community, paving the way for conquest of European.
5. Guns could be bought or captured and turn against the invaders, but not diseases such as smallpox to which the
conquerers were mostly immune.
Q8. Why did European fleet to America in 19th century?
Or
Describe the economic conditions in Europe until the 19th century.
Or
Describe the economic conditions in Europe until the 19th century.
Answer:
European fled to America in the 19th century because:
1. Until the 19th century poverty and hunger were common in Europe.
2. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were widespread.
3. Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted.
4. In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European markets.
5. These plantations for worked on by slaves.
Q9. Name the four colonial powers of the 19th century.
Answer: Britain, USA, France, Germany.
Q10. Why where the corn law introduced and later abolished in Britain in the 18th century?
Answer:
1. Population growth from the late 18 century had increased the demand for food grains in Britain pushing up the prices.
2. Under pressure from farmers the government restricted the import of corn.
3. These laws were commonly known as “corn laws”.
4. On the other hand the industrialist and people living in cities forced the government to abolish for laws.
Q11. Explain the impacts of scrapping of the corn laws?
or
or
What was the result of the abolishing of corn laws?
Answer:
1. The scrapping of corn laws lead to free trade of food grains.
2. After the abolition of corn law, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within
the country.
3. British farmers were unable to complete with imports.
4. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.
5. They followed to the cities or migrated overseas.
6. Increase in demand due to fall in prices and increase in income lead to miss match between demand and supply of
food grains.
Q12. ‘By 1890 are global agriculture economy had taken shape’. Explain by giving examples.
or
Describe changes in the Global agriculture economy after 1890s.
or
Describe changes in the Global agriculture economy after 1890s.
Answer:
1. Food and other products:-
Food and other products starting flowing far away places. It was no longer grown by a peasants tilling his on land.
2. Infrastructure:-
The food and other products being transported by railways and by ships which were increasingly manned in this decades by low paid workers from the southern Europe, Asia, Africa and Caribbean islands.
3. Raw materials:-
3. Raw materials:-
Indian farmers were producing raw cotton and other farm product to British industries. The world trade between 1820 to 1914 multiplied about 25 to 40 times.
4. Scrapping Corn Laws:-
4. Scrapping Corn Laws:-
The scrapping of the corn laws laid the foundation of free trade. Now food could be imported or exported into Britain freely.
5. Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonies:-
The imperial countries to various steps to commercialize. British government built a network of irrigation canals through transfer semi desert waste land of West Punjab into fertile agriculture land.
5. Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonies:-
The imperial countries to various steps to commercialize. British government built a network of irrigation canals through transfer semi desert waste land of West Punjab into fertile agriculture land.
Q13. What was the impact of technology on food availability throughout the world in the late 19th century? explain.
or
Explain by giving examples, the role played by technology inventions in transforming 19th century world.
Answer:
or
Explain by giving examples, the role played by technology inventions in transforming 19th century world.
Answer:
1. Technology, in the form of improvement in transport, faster railways, lighter wagons and largest ships help them
more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.
2. The railways, steam ships, the telegraphs were important inventions without which we cannot imagine the
transformed 19th century world.
3. The trade in meat can be sited as a good example of this connected process.
4. With the development of a new technology namely refrigerated ships, it became possible to transport the perishable
foods over long distances.
5. Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point in America, Australia or New Zealand and then transported
to Europe as frozen meat.
6. This reduced shipping cost and lowered meat prices in Europe. Now poor in Europe could consume a more varied diet.
Q14. Highlight main features of life of African people who the coming of Europeans.
Answer:
1. Africa had abundant land and relatively small population.
2. For centuries land and livestock sustained African livelihoods.
3. Agriculture and animal rearing was the main occupation of the people.
4. Most of the villages and families were self sufficient.
5. People rarely work for wages. There were few consumer goods that wages could buy.
Q15. What were the main reasons for the attraction of Europeans to Africa?
Answer:
1. Europeans was attracted to Africa in search of valuable minerals like gold, coal, silver etc.
2. They were attracted to Africa due to its vast resources of land.
3. They went to Africa hoping to established plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to Europe.
Q16. Describe the impact of Rinderpest on African lives.
or
What was Rinderpest? State effects of the coming of Rinderpest in Africa.
or
What was Rinderpest? State effects of the coming of Rinderpest in Africa.
Answer:
A) Rinderpest:
Rinderpest is a cattle plague that affected the cattle of Africa. Rinderpest was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers. It reached the Cape Town 5 year later and killed 90% of the cattle.
B) Impacts:
1. Rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihood and local economy.
2. Historically, Africa had abundant land a relatively small population.
3. For centuries land and livestock sustained African livelihoods and people rarely work for wages.
4. After this devastation European planter, mine owners and colonial government monopolized the scare cattle resources.
5. African lost their livelihood, planters and mine owners forced them to work for the wages and enable European to conquer and become master of Africa.
Q17. What was indentured labour? Name any four reasons of India from where indentured workers came.
Answer:
Indentured labour:-
A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or home.
1. Uttar Pradesh , 2. Tamil Nadu, 3. Bihar , 4. Central India
Q18. When and why was intention labour migrated abolished? Mention any four factors responsible
for indentured labour?
Answer:
1. It was abolished in 1921 as it was a opposed by Indian leaders.
2. Factors responsible for indentured labour:
a) Decline of cottage industry in India.
b) Increase in land rents.
c) Loss of cattle wealth due to Rinderpest in Africa.
d) Unemployment and poverty.
Q19. What a circumstances compelled Indians and Chinese to work as intenture labour in plantation
and mining?
Answer:
1. In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indians and Chinese labourers went to work on plantations, in mines and
in road and railway construction project around the world.
2. In India, indentured labour were hired under contract which promised return travel to India after they had work 5 years
on their employer’s plantation.
3. They came from the present a regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and the dry districts of Tamilnadu.
4. All this affected the lives of the poor, they fail to pay their rents, became deeply indebted and were forced to migrate
in search of work.
Q20 Which were the main destinations of Indian indentured migrants?
Answer:
1. The main destinations of Indian indenture migrants were the Caribbean Islands, Mauritius and Fiji.
2. Tamil migrants went to Ceylon and Malaya.
3. Indentured workers were also recruited for plantations in Assam.
Q21. What is the meaning of culture fusion?
Answer:
Cultural fusion is a phenomenon which emergence went two or more cultures intermingle and produce a new culture.
Answer:
Cultural fusion is a phenomenon which emergence went two or more cultures intermingle and produce a new culture.
Q22. In what way did the indenture labour contribute towards the cultural fusion in emerging
global World?
Answer:
1. Workers discovered their own ways of surviving.
2. They developed new forms of individual and collective self expression, blending different cultural forms, old and new.
3. In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession was transform into riotous carnival.
4. Similarly the protest religion of Rashtraparianism is also said to reflect social and cultural links with Indian migrants to
the Caribbean.
5. ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana is a creative contemporary expression of the post indentured experience.
6. This forms of cultural fusion are part of the making of the Global world.
Q23. Define trade surplus. Why Britain had a trade surplus with India?
Answer:
1. Trade Surplus:- It is a situation under which value of exports is more than imports.
2. Britain had a trade surplus because India was exporting food products to Britain which had less market value and it was importing finished goods which had higher market value.
Q24. How was the income received from trade surplus with India used by Britain?
Answer:
Britain’s trade surplus in India also help to pay the so-called ‘home charges’ that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India’s external debt and pensions of British officials in India.
Q25. “India played a crucial role in the late 19th century world economy.” Explain by giving an example.
Answer:
1. Trade Surplus:- British manufacturers flooded the Indian market. Food grain and raw material export from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased, Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India.
2. Home Charges:-Britain’s trades surplus in India also helped to pay the so-called “home charges” that included private remittances home by British officials and traders.
3. Major Suppliers of Cotton:-India remained major supplier of cotton to Britain which was required to feed the cotton textile industry of Britain.
4. Supplier of Indentured workers:-Many indentured workers from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Central India migrated to other countries to work in mines and plantations.
Q26. Name the countries involved in the first world war.
Answer:
1. One side were the Allies: Britain, France and Russia ( later joined by US).
2. The opposite side were the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungry and the Ottoman Turkey.
Q27. When did the great depression begin? Discuss its impact on the world.
Or
Discuss the impact of Great depression on US economy.
Or
Discuss the impact of Great depression on US economy.
Answer:
A) The Great Depression began around 1929 and last it till the mid 1930s. During this period most part of the world experienced catastorphic decline in production, employment, income and trade.
B) The impact of the Depression:-
1. Agricultural regions and community were the worst affected.
2. With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression, the US bank also slashed domestic landing and called back loans.
3. Faced with falling income many household in the US could not repay what they had borrowed and were forced to give up their homes, cars and other consumer durables.
4. Industrial production registered a fall of about 35%.
5. The number of the unemployed started rising and in 1933 it touched 17 million.
6. Thousands of banks went bankrupt and were forced to close.
Q28. Discuss the factors lead to the Great depressions.
Ans.wer:
1. Agricultural overprotection:–
Agriculture over production remain a problem and it was made worse by falling agriculture prices.
2. Finance:–
In the mid 1920’s, many countries finance their investment through loans from the US, it was extremely
easy to raise loans in the US when the going was good.
3. Collapse of currencies:–
The withdrawal of US loans affected the rest of the world in different ways.
4. Dubbing import Duties:–
In Latin America, it intensified the slum in agricultural and raw material prices. The US attempt to
protect its economy in the depression by doubling import duty also built another severe below to the World Trade.
Q29. Describe the ways in which the Great Depression affected the lives of the Indians.
Answer:
1. The depression affected Indian trade, India’s export and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
2. When international prices crashed, prisis in India also crashed between 1928 1934.
3. Peasants and Farmers suffered more than City people.
4. In this depression years India became an exporter of precious metals like gold. Indian gold exports promoted Global economic recovery particularly Britain’s recovery.
5. The depression did not affect urban India so much and the middle class salaried employees found themselves better of everything cost less.
6. Industrial investment grew as the government extended tariff protection to industries under the pressure of nationalist opinion.
Q30. Name any two world institutions which were established under the Bretton Woods.
Answer:
1. International Monetary Fund
2. World Bank
Q31. What is the main basis of Bretton Woods international financial system?
or
Describe the ways in which Bretton Woods inaugurated and era of unprecedented growth in trade and income for western industrialised Nations.
or
Describe the ways in which Bretton Woods inaugurated and era of unprecedented growth in trade and income for western industrialised Nations.
Answer:
1. The Bretton Woods system inaugurated and error of unprecedented growth of trade and income for the Western industrial Nations and Japan.
2. World Trade grew and over 8% between 1950-1970.
3. Income of people in western countries grew at 5%.
4. The growth was stable without fluctuations.
5. The unemployment rate average less than 5% in most industrial countries.
6. There was worldwide spread of technology and enterprise.
7. Developing countries were in hurry to catch up with the advance industrial countries.
Q32. What is G-77? Why did the developing countries organize the G-77.
Answer:
G-77:-
The G-77 is a loose coalition of developing Nations designed to promote its members collective economic interest and create and enhanced joint negotiating capacity for the United Nations.
Reasons :-
1. The developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth the Western economist experience in 1950 and 19660 under the guidance of the World bank and IMF.
2.They organize themselves as a group- the group of 77 – to demand a new international economic order.
3. NIEO means a system that would give them real control over there natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials and better access for their manufacture goods in develop countries market.
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